professor and vice chair of urology at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is a co–editor in chief for 

Gopal H. Badlani, MD

, professor and vice chair of urology at Wake Forest Baptist Health High Point Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is a coeditor-in-chief for 

Nocturia, or waking up to urinate at night, continues to be a vexing problem for clinicians and patients. In an earlier review

 and in-depth interview of subject matter expert Jeffrey P. Weiss, MD, PhD, a variety of causes of nocturia were discussed.

Writing a prescription for a malady makes the clinician and patient feel better about doing something for the condition. In a study

 reported on in an article in this month’s issue of 

®, the authors suggest that adding medication (non-antidiuretic) to behavioral therapy does not make a difference in veterans studied over a year. In the detailed analysis of their voiding diaries and metabolic characterization, it was shown that all patients did not have significant high nocturnal volume (< 650 for all) and peripheral edema was present in larger proportion of the behavioral therapy-alone group. Obstructive sleep apnea, another common cause of nocturia, was present in a higher percentage of the same group (not statistically significant)

What is difficult to characterize in this retrospective study, or any study for that matter, is how many patients are following the simple instructions of not drinking the last 2 hours before sleep and leg elevation in the evening hours to alleviate some of the volume-induced first instance of waking up at night. Other unexplored reasons of nocturia are restless leg syndrome, painful conditions, anxiety, etc. In this paired analysis, hopefully they do not affect the data analysis.

So what is the take-home message? By all means, educate patients about causes of nocturia, suggest behavior modifications mentioned above, but don’t throw a drug at them unless there are daytime symptoms of urgency (anticholinergics or β-3 agonists), high postvoid residual (α-blockers), or large volume output at night (desmopressin). Complex interactions between the heart, the kidneys, and the bladder warrant a multidisciplinary approach in patients with nocturia. A personalized treatment should be designed, taking into account gender, comorbidities, and identified etiological factors. This is time-consuming and in the future, bladder mobile apps may help obtain logs and be reminders of the bladder training.

As the Dalai Lama said, “Sleep is the best meditation.”

1. Daugherty M, Ginzburg N, Byler T. Prevalence of nocturia in US women: results from NHANES. Paper presented at: American Urological Association annual meeting. May 18-21, 2018. Abstract PD32-03

2. Nocturia: How to define it, and how treat it. 

®. August 25, 2020. Accessed July 27, 2021. https://www.urologytimes.com/view/nocturia-how-to-define-it-and-how-to-treat-it

3. Miller CD, Monaghan TF, Robins DJ, Weiss JP. Does traditional pharmacotherapy augment behavioral modification in the treatment of nocturia? 

. Published online May 11, 2021. doi:10.1002/nau.24692

Articles

"By all means, educate patients about causes of nocturia, suggest behavior modifications...but don’t throw a drug at them unless there are daytime symptoms of urgency, high postvoid residual, or large volume output at night," writes Gopal H. Badlani, MD. 

Nocturia: Mind vs medication

The treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) continues to evolve,

as seen with the emergence of several new treatment modalities in recent years, guideline updates, and the formation of the Society of Benign Prostate Disease. In this interview, 

, discusses the evolution of LUTS treatment, what primary care providers should include in their evaluation when seeing a patient with LUTS, and how he selects treatments for patients with BPH.

Te is a professor of urology at the Weill Medical College at Cornell University, director of the Urology Program at Iris Cantor Men’s Health Center, director of the Brady Prostate Center and Urodynamic Laboratory, and attending urologist in the Department of Urology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital in New York, New York.

coeditor
in chief and professor and vice chair of urology at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

How has the management of BPH/LUTS evolved over time?

BPH/LUTS management really started in the 1990s with the advent of new medical therapies to treat male LUTS [mLUTS] due to BPH. This developed into an evaluation to use these medical therapies to treat BPH and basically focus on the etiology of LUTS in males from BPH. Today, it’s clear that there are more etiologies for LUTS, and mLUTS reflects the other etiologies, especially the nonneurogenic etiologies such as overactive bladder. The original guidelines are from the 1990s. They did not discuss overactive bladder [OAB]. The newer guidelines reflect the addition of medical therapies such as antimuscarinics, β-agonist, and PDE-5 inhibitors. So the guidelines changed/evolved along with those pathways to treating mLUTS. The guidelines have provided an accepted, standard way to say that’s how we manage and treat patients with the current knowledge base of the available literature reviewed and the expertise of the panel.

What should primary care providers include in their evaluation when seeing a patient with LUTS?

It helps if they can provide a good summary of the medical history and a complete list of medications and also assess for hypertension, coronary artery disease, neurologic diseases, diabetes, and gastrointestinal issues. If they are on urologic therapies, it’s helpful to know the length and trial of these. It’s good to have a history of their [prostate-specific antigen] if available. A nice history of their lab values and cultures and analysis are also helpful for us.

I don’t expect primary care providers to do [the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)]; they have way too much to do. I like to do [the scoring] in my office when [patients] come in. Honestly, considering the COVID-19 pandemic and greater use of telemedicine, things like the IPSS are probably going to transition to an “e-visit” or “e-check-in” before patients come into the office.

As the guidelines have changed to incorporate more branches such as OAB, have you seen a change in the pattern of medical therapy in terms of combinations?

Today, we have a plethora of combinations, and although I do see some of the other combinations being used as primary therapy, especially the OAB medications, my own practice really focuses on the “traditional” BPH therapies. I think the traditional therapies with the best long-term data are still α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors. The OAB medical therapies have been less popular with poor compliance and have a higher risk of retention and cognitive issues in [older patients]. The new β-agonists have become the more go-to OAB medication in urology, but they are expensive and many insurers tend to inappropriately make these patients go to a lower-form cost alternative, which are the antimuscarinics, and accept the potential adverse events [AEs]. I’m not always so comfortable with antimuscarinics, but [they’re] there as an option. [As] long as they know the postvoid residual is low, they can use these OAB medications. But I don’t think that primary care providers should be using antimuscarinics as a primary therapy for mLUTS because it’s easy to send somebody into retention or develop a serious adverse event without proper screening.

What do you think about the use of PDE-5 inhibitors for the treatment of benign prostatic enlargement and/or male LUTS?

PDE-5 inhibitors are really an OAB medication in my view since urodynamics studies have shown that they have no impact on relieving bladder outlet obstruction. They work very well in combination, however, with a 5α-reductase inhibitor [5-ARI] to address and balance out the sexual AEs. Studies are in progress to evaluate that combination. If a patient doesn’t tolerate α-blockers, the combination of a 5-ARI and a PDE-5 inhibitor seems to be a good option for medical therapy.

Moving beyond medications, do you think the indications for minimally invasive surgery are different from that being done for an ablative procedure?

People throw around the terms “minimally invasive procedure” and “ablative procedure” often. Here is how I classify these procedures. In my view, maximally invasive therapy is an open prostatectomy, and “maximally invasive minimally invasive” procedures are robotic laparoscopic approaches. Those procedures have their risks—such as pulmonary embolus, bleeding requiring transfusion, and increased risk associated with potential cardiovascular instability during these procedures under general anesthesia—so I call them maximally invasive procedures.

The next series are what I would call minimally invasive transurethral procedures, which I would classify as transurethral debulking procedures. The classic one is the monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP]. There are also new technologies such as bipolar TURP, GreenLight laser, HoLEP (holmium laser enucleation of the prostate), and Aquablation. These are less invasive due to [removing the risk] of dilutional hyponatremia and overall decreased bleeding.

The next minimally invasive category, which is less invasive, are office-based therapies such as transurethral microwave thermotherapy and transurethral needle ablation that have basically been replaced by Rezum, iTind, and UroLift. There are a host of other technologies on the horizon, with many variations of stents. The most important issue in patient selection with these procedures is to determine where the patient would like to get the procedure done, how much risk the procedure poses for them, and whether it is the appropriate procedure for them given their anatomy, need to relieve obstruction, and expected durability of the procedure.

How do you select which treatment to use for a patient?

My practice is uniquely focused on BPH/LUTS, and I offer almost all the therapeutic options. Each therapy has advantages and disadvantages [and] are selected based on size and shape and expected outcomes, depending on the studies that have been done. Presence of an intravesical lobe, for example, can have an impact on adverse events such as bleeding, sexual function, catheterization time, and durability.

To pick and choose is a complex, shared decision-making process examining what I would call risk tolerance and benefit outcome analysis related to each procedure. For example, the [maximal] debulking procedures have the best durability and best flow, but they probably have more adverse events, whereas the most minimally invasive procedures really fit the bill for having the least impact on sexual function but [also] the least in relieving obstruction. Patients choose based on their risk tolerance, and that includes an assessment of their medical comorbidities as well.

Of note, procedures approved on studies randomized to placebo-like controls are not equivalent to procedures randomized or well studied against the gold-standard TURP. More importantly, treating prostatic bladder outlet obstruction with a minimally invasive office procedure such as UroLift, iTind, and Rezum [is] clearly not as effective compared to a transurethral debulking procedure or TURP-like procedures.

However, it is clear that these procedures are minimally invasive [because] the multicenter, randomized trials have been compared to placebo controls weaned off medical therapy and are presented in these studies as alternatives to medical therapy. There was a large real-world retrospective study of patients undergoing UroLift.

 In that study, the patients included had smaller glands, were not as symptomatic, and had better flow rates, and those patients had pretty good outcomes overall. I think that only time will tell which one they’ll accept more as being appropriate for our patients and our comfort zone to use them in the office setting. I think the key is the office setting. To be clear, my definition of an office setting is a procedure that does not require IV [intravenous] sedation or general anesthesia and is a purely local anesthesia procedure. Although right now, most of these procedures are probably being done in the ambulatory care unit, more and more will be...done in the office setting.

What about patients who are on an antiplatelet medication?

The burden is higher for patients on anticoagulation. But we’re fortunate to have so many minimally invasive procedures that enable us to manage that risk, from laser therapies such as GreenLight to thermotherapy such as vapor ablation or Rezum. This has enabled me, for example, to operate in high-risk patients with maintenance of their anticoagulation status, and there are clearly many good studies validating the GreenLight technology in anticoagulated patients. We, for example, have published data demonstrating the ability to operate on patients on warfarin, and the new AUA BPH guidelines support this option.

What is your approach there? Do you bridge them, or do you operate through warfarin?

For patients taking warfarin, I lower their international normalized ratio [INR] to the low 2s and go ahead with the procedure. Regarding other antiplatelet medications, the type of medication dictates when I have the patient stop and restart it. Sometimes I do operate on patients taking antiplatelet medications, and my counseling involves the risk of controlling that bleeding perioperatively and postoperatively. But in general, outcomes have been good. Overall, the big caveat is to have the experience to control and manage bleeding with this technology. At the end of the day, it is the surgeon who has to recognize important arterial bleeding that requires pinpoint fulguration of the arterial bleeder to gain hemostasis at the end of the procedure

Postoperatively, do you use a catheter for a longer duration, or are the patients treated the same way?

With warfarin, you know how to control their INRs pretty well and manage the patient. With careful management, you can treat them the same way. With the other anticoagulants, the experience and knowledge with each type will dictate pre-, peri-, and postop management.

Secondary bleeding with laser therapies has been a big issue in the community, sometimes because of undertreatment. In prospective, randomized studies, it doesn’t seem to be a problem, but in the community, secondary bleeding from laser therapy is an issue, particularly ablative lasers as opposed to resection lasers. What is your view on this?

My view on those is it’s sort of a mixed bag. In terms of the ablative therapy, if you don’t resect enough, there is a risk of more delayed bleeding. Interestingly, this is also true with standard TURP. You have to resect enough tissue because the obstructive component, especially the residual obstructive component, can cause bleeding. Additionally, one has to vaporize efficiently and limit the coagulation necrosis of remaining tissue. In my view, some patients who have had ablative therapy still had a pretty significant intravesical lobe, and that puts them at risk for recurrent bleeding. You really have to do a complete vaporization procedure in these patients.

What is your advice to a patient who wishes to preserve ejaculation and has a very large gland?

For the best long-term outcome, a debulking procedure is best. However, even with these procedures, we’ve modified many of the transurethral approaches with an ejaculatory hood–sparing procedure that reduces the retrograde ejaculation rate to less than 15%. In my practice, a GreenLight procedure or a bipolar, middle lobe–sparing procedure are options to consider. In a very large gland, treating them with a minimally invasive procedure such as Rezum or UroLift will probably have a higher risk of retreatment and secondary procedures later, but that’s something that has to be discussed with the patient with a review of their preoperative assessment to determine how obstructed they are and how much needs to be removed. For example, patients in retention or with high PVR [pulmonary vascular resistance] clearly would do better with a transurethral debulking procedure overall.

 although not intended to primarily look at it, came out with the statement that ejaculatory function was better than the TURP in randomized controlled trials.

That’s exactly what we were talking about. Aquablation is an ejaculatory hood–sparing procedure. I was part of the trials, and that particular procedure was designed with that intention to try to preserve antegrade ejaculation. That particular robotic procedure has what I would call a butterfly template....[T]he robotic template actually spares the ejaculatory duct hood to preserve ejaculation. In that trial, they had a retrograde ejaculation rate of about 11%.

Q: How important is it to perform urodynamics when planning surgery?

I tend to do urodynamics for all of my patients, but generally I think it depends on the clinician’s preference, ability to counsel, and how useful it is it to them. I do it because it allows me to confirm bladder outlet obstruction and its severity and the surgical aggressiveness to debulk. It also allows me to counsel on the risk of persistent postop OAB symptoms based on OAB findings during the study. I’ll also be able to assess compliance as well as predict their overall bladder capacity.

It also helps me to counsel the patient on the risk of post-OAB therapies that might be needed and help to identify those patients who have impaired detrusor contractility who might have a higher risk of retention, postvoid residuals, [and] recurrent urinary tract infection....For me, it’s a very good counseling tool that helps me reduce my complication rate and helps me temper expectations based on what I find. A lot of my patients are secondary and tertiary referrals. That may just reflect my own practice. But I think in general, it really helps, but clearly it depends on the clinician being comfortable to use it.

I think BPH/LUTS is a very good academic portion of urology. We really have had great multicenter, randomized trials and good studies on various new drugs and therapies. We, as the urology community, really try to study the science of it and apply rigorous metrics and new metrics to better understand mLUTS. To promote a widespread understanding to better diagnose, manage, and treat our patients with BPH, several of my esteemed colleagues including Steven A. Kaplan, MD; Claus G. Roehrborn, MD; Kevin T. McVary, MD; Peter Gilling, MD; J. Kellogg Parsons, MD, MHS; Charles Welliver, MD; Kevin Zorn, MD; and myself have founded...the Society of Benign Prostate Disease. We recently had our first virtual international meeting, which covered a range of topics reviewing BPH over the decades, COVID-19, and diversity issues in urology, and [we] are looking forward to our first in-person meeting on September 10 at this year’s AUA annual meeting in Las Vegas. I encourage my fellow urologic colleagues to become members at www.SoBPD.com.

 Eure G, Gange S, Walter P, et al. Real-world evidence of prostatic urethral lift confirms pivotal clinical study results: 2-year outcomes of a retrospective multicenter study. 

2019;33(7):576-584. doi:10.1089/end.2019.0167

 Gilling P, Barber N, Bidair M, et al. Two-year outcomes after Aquablation compared to TURP: efficacy and ejaculatory improvements sustained. 

2019;35(6):1326-1336. doi:10.1007/s12325-019-00952-3

In this interview, Alexis E. Te, MD, discusses the evolution of LUTS treatment, what primary care providers should include in their evaluation when seeing a patient with LUTS, and how he selects treatments for patients with BPH.

Expert pointers on BPH evaluation and treatment

In the “good old days,” it was simple: An older man complaining of nocturia got his prostate resected. We have come a long way since then and are more aware of patient-centered outcomes, validated symptom scores, and objective parameters. The guidelines have evolved from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH and not yet to the male LUTS due to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO).

The interview in this issue with Alexis E. Te, MD, a recognized expert in the field, reflects the complex decision-making now required when a man presents with LUTS.

An older man presenting with LUTS may have higher odds of having BPO, but older age also increases the incidence of bladder dysfunction, volume-induced nocturia, and metabolic health conditions affecting the urinary system. With younger individuals (<40 years), outlet obstruction is less likely but “prostatitis” is even less likely—but is most commonly diagnosed. Underactive bladder, pelvic floor dysfunction, and bladder neck obstructions should be on the forefront of the thought process.

Although the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) should be a standard, the need for a physical exam is emphasized in the latest guidelines. The rectal exam, in addition to the prostate, can assess the regional neuro status and pelvic muscle behavior. Prostate-specific antigen screening has become the substitute for exam for some clinicians but is not supported by the guidelines.

Medical therapy has undergone significant advances to consider drugs for outlet obstruction (α-blockers), reducing size and preventing retention (5α-reductase inhibitors), treating overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms with anticholinergics (with or without concomitant α-blockers). The use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors have labeling indications for tadalafil (Cialis), but daily dosing is cost prohibitive if not covered by insurance. The biggest challenge is continued use of meds after a procedure for the prostate. Whether that should be considered a treatment failure is an unresolved question. Although use of anticholinergics for persistent OAB symptoms after treatment can be justified, the use of α-blockers is not.

Among the myriad treatment options, the terminology of minimally invasive therapy (MIT) is abused to the point that Dr Te refers to robotic surgery as a “maximally invasive minimally invasive” procedure to substitute for open simple prostatectomy. The goal of MIT has always been office-based treatment under local anesthesia, which was realized with microwave and radiofrequency therapy, but the fact that they are no longer done is a saga for another day!

Objective outcomes failure and retreatment rate are what caused their demise. In the American Urological Association’s 2020 amendment to its Surgical Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Attributed to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia guideline,1 the authors wrote, “Guideline 6 is a new guideline recommending that patients be counseled as to the potential risks of treatment failure and need for additional therapies.…First, rates of treatment failure and retreatment are influenced by both the duration and the completeness of follow-up.…Second, the risks of objective (eg, urinary retention, reduction of flow rate, increasing residual urine, infection) and subjective failure (eg, worsening of IPSS and/or quality of life) increase with longer duration of follow-up. Third, retreatment may take the form of medical therapy, a minimally invasive intervention, or a surgical procedure. Fourth, thresholds for and types of retreatment may vary substantially by provider, patient, category of failure (ie, objective, subjective, or both), and initial treatment modality.”

is the new buzz word and is very controversial, as parameters keep changing. Perhaps the newly formed Society of Benign Prostatic Disease can define this better. Quality of life immediately after treatment and catheter duration affects patients a lot more and is not reflected in 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up data.

The other nuance to maneuver around is in patients at higher risk of bleeding, such as those on antiplatelet/anticoagulation drugs. (For additional information on the use of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy in surgical patients, please refer to the “Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy in Urologic Practice: ICUD and AUA Review Paper.”

The bias of the surgeon and their level on the learning curve for a new treatment are known only to the surgeon. Thus, quoting results of an expert trial as expected outcomes may not be realized by the patient in practice.

1. Parsons JK, Dahm P, Köhler TS, Lerner LB, Wilt TJ. Surgical management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: AUA guideline amendment 2020. 

2020;204(4):799-804. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001298

2. Culkin DJ, Exaire EJ, Green D, et al. Anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy in urological practice: ICUD/AUA review paper. 

 2014;192(4):1026-1034. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.04.103

"Retreatment is the new buzz word and is very controversial, as parameters keep changing," writes Gopal H. Badlani, MD.

Treating a man with benign prostatic disease requires complex decision-making

It has been quite a while since a new drug was introduced to address quality-of-life issues in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). David Staskin, MD, has been the champion of many of the prior agents launched in the market and leads the presentation of the long-term safety profile of the β-3 adrenoceptor agonist vibegron detailed in a recent 

There have been a number of articles published on this drug, starting with Masaki Yoshida, MD, et al introducing the “novel” agent,

 to the long-term efficacy data in Japanese patients,

 to the post hoc analysis of the phase 2 data to evaluate its effect on nocturia.

 The EMPOWUR (NCT03492281) study mentioned in this month’s issue was published with 12 weeks of trial data.

There are several key questions. One, is this drug effective? The clear answer is yes. When compared with placebo in a large data set, it was marginally better than its comparator in efficacy, adverse effect of dry mouth, and discontinuation rate. The most remarkable data in this long-term report show its continued use in over 85% in this funded and monitored study, as it is much lower in real-world use.

The next question is, does this bring something new to the table compared with the other β-3 adrenoreceptor agonist mirabegron (Myrbetriq)? Vibegron has no interaction with CYP enzymes compared with mirabegron. When compared with tolterodine, the drug was slightly better in efficacy and dry mouth rate. The effect on heart rate, although a caution in the labeling for this class of agents, has not been a frequent clinical issue.

Will this change the paradigm of treatment? This is unlikely, as currently in the US, at least 2 antimuscarinics have to be tried before a β-3 agonist can be prescribed. The cost of the drug, when available, may make a difference, as right now there is only a single drug in this class of agents.

In this study, as well as with all other drugs for OAB previously studied, the placebo arm has a remarkable influence on voiding behavior, emphasizing the role of bladder diaries and behavioral influence of attention to the voiding parameters. Thus, apps to record voiding and/or prompt patients may be the biggest advance we make in this field.

 editorial consultant, is professor and vice chair of urology at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

1. Yoshida M, Takeda M, Gotoh M, et al. Vibegron, a novel potent and selective β 3-adrenoreceptor agonist, for the treatment of patients with overactive bladder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. 

. 2018;73(5):783-790. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.12.022

2. Yoshida M, Kakizaki H, Takahashi S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of the novel β 3 -adrenoreceptor agonist vibegron in Japanese patients with overactive bladder: A phase III prospective study. 

. 2018;25(7):668-675. doi:10.1111/iju.13596

3. Yoshida M, Takeda M, Gotoh M, et al. Efficacy of novel β 3 -adrenoreceptor agonist vibegron on nocturia in patients with overactive bladder: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. 

. 2019;26(3):369-375. doi:10.1111/iju.13877

4. Staskin D, Frankel J, Varano S, et al. International phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo and active controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vibegron in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder: 

. 2020;204(2):316-324. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000807

Gopal H. Badlani, MD, discusses the recently presented long-term safety profile of the β-3 adrenoceptor agonist vibegron.

Gopal H. Badlani, MD

Articles

Nocturia: Mind vs medication

Expert pointers on BPH evaluation and treatment

Treating a man with benign prostatic disease requires complex decision-making

Overactive bladder: Another agent attempts a step forward