
One year following the approval of the gemcitabine intravesical system, Joseph Jacob, MD, reflects on the expanding treatment landscape in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
The proximity of the gracilis and sartorius muscles to the perineal and inguinal regions, respectively, makes them ideal muscle flaps to reconstruct some urologic defects.
Muscle flap types
There are five types of pedicle muscle flaps, which are categorized according to their vascular patterns:
It is important to understand the type of pedicle that a muscle flap contains, as this is what limits the rotational arc of the flap.


