Tom Jayram, MD

The final segment discusses operational and logistical impacts, including workflow efficiency, staff training, and reimbursement considerations for subcutaneous immunotherapy.

This section explores how subcutaneous delivery can improve patient satisfaction, adherence, and quality of life through reduced treatment times and greater convenience.

The segment reviews clinical trial outcomes and real-world findings on subcutaneous immunotherapy, focusing on efficacy, safety, and its practical application in daily urology practice.

This discussion compares subcutaneous and intravenous immunotherapy delivery, highlighting differences in clinical use, patient convenience, and overall treatment experience.

This segment outlines how immune checkpoint inhibitors have become essential in bladder cancer management, examining their roles across treatment lines and the current standards of care.

Tom Jayram, MD, discusses rationale for selective FGFR3 inhibition in bladder cancer as well as what’s needed to bring this treatment modality into routine clinical practice.

An expert summarizes that the evolving non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment landscape emphasizes early therapy intensification and personalized management—leveraging advanced diagnostics and varied intravesical therapies—to better distinguish recurrence from progression, aiming to preserve bladder function and improve outcomes while minimizing overtreatment and radical surgery.

An expert summarizes that interpreting trial results requires understanding study design—such as reinduction strategies—and recognizing that regulatory, logistical, and practical factors will influence the adoption of new bladder cancer therapies, emphasizing the need for larger studies and thoughtful integration of efficacy with real-world considerations to guide personalized treatment decisions.

An expert summarizes that although it is currently too early to determine optimal sequencing among bladder cancer therapies, emerging strategies involving combination treatments and immune system priming show promise for enhancing efficacy, particularly in high-risk patients, underscoring the need for further research to guide personalized treatment decisions.

An expert summarizes that Tara-002 offers a familiar, intravesical administration and manageable adverse effect profile similar to BCG, making it a safer and more easily adoptable option compared with systemic immunotherapies, especially important for preserving bladder function and quality of life in heavily treated BCG-unresponsive patients.

In this interview, Tom Jayram, MD, offers insights into how BCG plus immune checkpoint inhibitors may redefine the treatment landscape in BCG-naïve NMIBC.

An expert would summarize that interpreting bladder cancer clinical trial data requires careful consideration of varying trial designs, definitions of treatment failure, and diagnostic methods, as differences from real-world practice can limit the direct applicability and comparison of results.

An expert summarizes that the emerging concept of broad immune potentiation—exemplified by therapies like Terra-002—seeks to activate multiple immune pathways for a more durable antitumor response in bladder cancer, offering a promising shift from traditional, narrowly targeted treatments and paving the way for more personalized and effective care.

An expert summarizes that the BCG-naive treatment space is gaining renewed attention due to global BCG shortages and variable patient responses, highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapies and personalized strategies that can better serve patients who may not benefit optimally from standard BCG treatment.

An expert summarizes that the emerging concept of broad immune potentiation—exemplified by therapies like Terra-002—seeks to activate multiple immune pathways for a more durable antitumor response in bladder cancer, offering a promising shift from traditional, narrowly targeted treatments and paving the way for more personalized and effective care.

An expert summarizes that TARA-002, a novel immunotherapy derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, is showing promising results in a phase 2 trial for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer—particularly in BCG-unresponsive patients—and may offer a much-needed alternative amid current treatment limitations and BCG shortages.

An expert summarizes that bladder cancer management is evolving from traditional radical surgery toward more personalized, less invasive approaches—highlighting promising therapies like TARA-002 that activate broad immune responses, address both BCG-unresponsive and BCG-naive patients amid shortages, and offer familiar, manageable administration—while underscoring the critical need to carefully interpret diverse clinical trial data, optimize treatment sequencing and combinations, and integrate advanced diagnostics to improve outcomes, preserve bladder function, and reduce overtreatment in this complex disease landscape.

Panelists explore challenges in identification of intermediate risk patients and emphasize importance of risk stratification to improve outcomes in regards to NMIBC.

Panelists explore challenges in identification of intermediate risk patients and emphasize importance of risk stratification to improve outcomes in regards to NMIBC.