Introduction: A 64-Year-Old Man with Elevated PSA Levels

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EP: 1.Introduction: A 64-Year-Old Man with Elevated PSA Levels

EP: 2.Trends in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Severity

EP: 3.Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Strategies

EP: 4.Modalities for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Grading, and Staging

EP: 5.Pre-Biopsy Biomarker Tests for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment

EP: 6.Utilization and Timing of Biomarker Tests for Prostate Cancer

EP: 7.Clinical Validity and Utility of an Exosome-Based Urine Biomarker Test

EP: 8.Real-World Use of an Exosome-Based Urine Biomarker Test

EP: 9.Recommended Management of the Profiled Patient

EP: 10.Remaining Unmet Needs and Future Directions in Prostate Cancer Screening

Patient Case: A 64-Year-Old Man with Elevated PSA Levels

• A 64-year-old-man underwent PSA testing during his annual physical with his primary care physician; PSA was 5.6 ng/mL and PSA density was 0.16.
• He then saw a urologist, who ordered a multiparametric MRI; result was PI-RADS 4.
• The patient was reluctant to undergo a prostate fusion biopsy, therefore the patient’s urologist recommended that he undergo exosome-based molecular testing to help determine risk of prostate cancer; his test score was 16.3.
• The patient and urologist remained concerned about his PI-RADS 4 MRI score. The urologist also noted that the PSA density of 0.16 was slightly above the threshold of 0.1.
• The patient elected to undergo TRUS-guided biopsy, which was negative for prostate cancer.

Judd W. Moul, MD, FACS: Hi, I am Dr Judd Moul. I am a urologist at the Duke Cancer Institute in Durham, North Carolina. My practice focuses on prostate cancer and prostate disease, and I am delighted today to present an interesting case that we all see in practice. This is a 64-year-old man who underwent PSA [prostate-specific antigen] testing during his annual physical with his primary care physician. His PSA was 5.6 [ng/mL], and his PSA density was 0.16 [ng/mL2]. He then saw a urologist who ordered a multiparametric MRI, and the result showed a PI-RADS [Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System] score of 4 lesion. The patient was reluctant to undergo a prostate fusion biopsy, therefore the patient’s urologist recommended that he undergo exosome-based molecular testing to help determine the risk of prostate cancer. And his test score was 16.3, with the upper limit of normal being 15.6, so he had a just slightly elevated exosomal test. The patient’s urologist remained concerned about the PI-RADS 4 lesion on the MRI. The urologist also noted that his PSA density was slightly abnormal at 0.16 [ng/mL2]. At that point with all the data, the patient elected to undergo a TRUS [transrectal ultrasound]-guided biopsy, which actually was negative for prostate cancer.

This is a really common situation. For example, where I work at Duke, we have an initiative where we started a program with our Duke Primary Care Network to better educate our primary care physicians on the use of the PSA test. We have a large African American and underserved population, so we felt that it was necessary to do that. This scenario happens all the time, a middle-aged gentleman who has borderline testing. We are dealing with men, and men in general don’t go to the doctor as often, don’t follow our instructions as often. So a scenario like this where the guy gets an abnormal test result and is reluctant to undergo a biopsy is pretty much something I see every week in practice.

PSA density is the PSA divided by the prostate volume, and it’s trying to take into account what proportion of the PSA protein is coming from the enlarged prostate versus prostate cancer. A PSA density of 0.15 [ng/mL2] or less is considered a normal PSA density, and anything greater than 0.15 [ng/mL2] is considered abnormal. This patient we discussed today has a PSA density of 0.16 [ng/mL2], which is considered slightly abnormal. That means that at least a higher proportion of the time we would expect him to have prostate cancer because less of his PSA is coming from the enlargement and more of the PSA may be coming from his potential prostate cancer.

Transcript edited for clarity.