Exploring Treatments for BCG-Unresponsive Intermediate-High Risk NMIBC

Opinion
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Expert urologist explores potential treatments for BCG-unresponsive intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), including immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral therapy, cytokine agonists, immunomodulators, and the recently approved drugs pembrolizumab and nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln.

  1. Can you discuss some of the exploratory treatments for BCG‐unresponsive intermediate and high risk‐NMIBC? (eg. immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), oncolytic viral therapy, cytokine agonists, and other immunomodulators)
  2. BCG‐unresponsiveness (definition?)
    1. Include (recently) approved immunotherapies: pembrolizumab, nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln
  3. Gene therapy: nadofaragene firadenovec
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