Exploring PD-1/PD-L1 Pathways and Innovative Treatments for NMIBC

Key Takeaways

• PD-1/PD-L1 pathways are pivotal in cancer immunotherapy, enabling tumor immune evasion by inactivating T-cells through receptor-ligand interactions.
• Investigational agents in BCG-naive and unresponsive settings include gene therapy and intravesical treatments, targeting enhanced immune activation.
• These novel approaches aim to improve outcomes for patients unresponsive to conventional BCG therapy by boosting immune response.