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Despite promising candidates across tumor, immune, and systemic marker categories, no biomarker yet reliably predicts BCG response or identifies which NMIBC patients would benefit from adding checkpoint inhibitor therapy—a gap that limits informed shared decision-making and broader adoption of IO-BCG combinations despite positive trial data.

The Hugo RAS system requires wider, offset port placement compared to conventional platforms, and its open console design promotes a more ergonomically sound upright posture that may reduce the cervical spine strain associated with prolonged use of immersive closed-console robotic systems.